Biology of Cancer

General Biology I

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. List three conditions that would alter the activity of an enzyme. Be specific with your explanations. - High or low salt concentrations can inhibit the normal interactions between charged groups - Too high temperatures can cause enzymes to become damaged, lose functionality or denature completely - Outside of the given ph range enzy

IB_1201_L05_Enzymes.docx.docx-PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. List three conditions

IB_1201_L07_CellStruc.docx.docx-Cell Structure and Function PRE-LAB QUESTIONSCH

The Chemistry of Life PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the primary source of carbohydrates for humans? -sugar 2. Name one type of food that you eat that contain significant amount of carbohydrates. -bread 3. What are the subunits that nucleic acids are made of? Briefly explain the difference between DNA and RNA. - Nucleotides - DNA- double stranded macromolecu

IB_1201_L04_ChemLife.docx.docx-The Chemistry of Life PRE-LAB QUESTIONS

Introduction to the Microscope PRE-LAB QUESTIONS Label the following microscope using the components described within the Introduction.  1. binocular eye piece 2. arm 3. base 4. clamps 5. Light source 6. stage 7. objectives 8. Condensor diaphragm dial 9. head © eScience Labs, 2018 Introduction to the Microscope EXERCISE 1: VIRTUAL MICROSCOPE Post-Lab Questions 1. What is the first step normally taken when you look through the ocular lenses? - adjust the width of the eyepiece until you see one circle of light in the field of view. 2. What does it mean that the image is inverted when you look through the ocular lenses? - if you physically move the slide away from you, the specimen will appear to move towards you 3. What is the difference between the coarse adjustment knob and the fine adjustment knob? When is it appropriate to use them? - the coarse adjustment is enough for focusing at 4x or 10x magnification, but you can use the fine focus to sharpen the image. - use the coarse focus adjustment to get the sample into focus. you can use the fine focus to sharpen the image. 4. What new details are you able to see on the slide when the magnification is increased to 10x that you could not see at 4x? What about 40x? © eScience Labs, 2018 Introduction to the Microscope - 10x – You see more then just the shape and color you can see what the specimen looks like or is made up of at 40x you are focusing on the smaller components of the specimens makeup © eScience Labs, 2018

BIO | 111 | General Biology I | lab | Introduction to the Microscope

Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis PRE-LAB QUESTIONS 1. What is the color of the following plant pigments? Which wavelengths do they absorb? Pigment Color Wavelengths (colors) absorbed Chlorophyll A green Red blue Chlorophyll B green blue Carotene orange Purple green Xanthophyll yellow Blue green Anthocyanin Red blue purple Yellow green 2. Explain how the wavelengths absorbed and reflected determine the color of a pigment. - The color of the pigment us determined by the wavelengths of light that are not absorbed 3. Take a look at the overall reaction for photosynthesis and suggest two ways that the rate of photosynthesis could be measured (Hint: Consider how the substrates and products will change throughout the course of the reaction.) - You can Measure photosynthesis by the increase of carbon dioxide - You may also Measure photosynthesis by the production of oxygen 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + Light Energy → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 4. Many deciduous trees have leaves that turn yellow in the fall. What is happening in the leaves at the cellular and molecular level that is responsible for this color change? - in the fall it gets dark much earlier. The chloroplasts in the cells are, not able to retain its pigment. this prevents the plant from performing photosynthesis Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis 5. Chloroplasts are the organelles in plant cells that convert solar energy to chemical energy (sugars) that can be used by the cell. Mitochondria are organelles in all eukaryotic cells that convert sugars to ATP Both organelles are have double membranes and contain their own set of DNA. What is the likely explanation for this? - Bacteria also have DNA and ribosomes similar to those of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Based on this and other evidence, scientists think host cells and bacteria formed endosymbiotic relationships long ago, when individual host cells took in aerobic (oxygen-using) and photosynthetic bacteria but did not destroy them. Through millions of years of evolution, the aerobic bacteria became mitochondria and the photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts. - Khan academy (source) Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis EXERCISE 1: HARMFUL AGAL BLOOMS Post-Lab Questions 1. Create graph displaying the trend of nitrogen, phosphorous, and chlorophyll A for each year of recorded data. Insert the graphs for all three data tables here. See excel upload 2. Based on the chlorophyll data, was there an algal bloom during any of the years represented in this data set? If so, when did it occur? - 2013 7/29/2013 - 2014 8/4/2014 - 2015 7/13/2015 3. Observe the patterns in the nutrient data in relation to the chlorophyll data. What patterns do you observe? - As the nutrients increase the amount of chlorophyll increases 4. Use your knowledge about the relationship between nutrients and photosynthesis to explain the trends you observed in the data. - Photosynthesis is the basis of plants growth so the higher the nutrients the more growth we will see in the plant this is why as the nutients increased so did the amount of chlorophyll 5. What is eutrophication? How can excessive nutrients contribute to eutrophication and what are the possible ramifications? Use external sources if necessary. - “Eutrophication is an enrichment of water by nutrient salts that causes structural changes to the ecosystem such as: increased production of algae and aquatic

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