Introduction to Biology

34. Define autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is when the body’s own immune system begins to attack itself, the reasons is still unknown it is said that drugs could trigger the body into confusion. Chapter 18 – Review: 35. Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction. An disavantage is competition within asexual reproduction there would also be a lack of variation within the organism as well. An advantage of asexual reproduction is the plant or organism does not need a mate. An advantage of sexual reproduction is there is more variation within the organism which means more of a chance of survival. A disadvantage of sexual reproduction is the process takes longer than an asexual reproduction. 36. Discuss asexual reproduction methods. There are at least five different types of asexual reproduction methods such as spores, fission, vegetative reproduction, budding, and fragmentation. 37. Discuss sexual reproduction methods. There are also several types of sexual reproduction such as internal fertilization, external fertilization, and Autogamy. 38. Discuss internal and external methods of fertilization. Internal fertilization takes within the female body and the offspring grows within the females body, external fertilization happens outside of the body in water, fish and other aquatic organisms diffuse and fertilize with this method. 39. Explain how the embryo forms from the zygote. The zygote contains half of the DNA from both parents this then results in the process of creating an embryo. 40. Discuss the role of cleavage and gastrulation in animal development. Within fertilization the cleavage is created from the zygote in order to create the blastula, then the blastula goes under gastrulation. The purpose of this process is the form of a single cell organism is now a multi cellular organism. 41. Describe organogenesis. Is when three germ tissue layers form into internal organs within the organism, these tissue layers are known as ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. 42. Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies. The female reproduction system that includes ovaries and produces egg cells, then nourishes the fetus until ready to give birth. The male reproduction system includes the testes and produces and deposits sperm. 43. Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their similarities and differences. Spermatogenesis is when sperm releases from the testes and oogenesis is when oocytes release from the ovaries. Some differences are oogenesis occurrs within females and spermatogenesis occurred within the testes within males. A similarity is that both are preformed with what is known as a gonads , which is the testes and ovaries. 44. Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction. There are several different types of hormones that are involved within human reproduction such as sex hormones which drive sexual reproduction. Another hormone is the growth hormone which is important in the maturing of the human body in order to continue and reproduce. 45. Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormones. Two big important hormones are oestrogen which causes the eggs to mature in the ovaries and testosterone is the development of the male reproduction system such as the testes

BIO | 1300 | Introduction to Biology | question bank | 34. Define autoimmunity. Autoi

Chapter_9_OPENSTAX_Quiz.docx.docx-Chapter 9 OPENSTAX Quiz   User

BIOL 1300 – Summer 2020 FINAL 1. Which organism is most likely to reproduce by fragmentation? a. Hydra b. Sponge c. Bird d. Honeybee e. Frog 2. The smallest unit of life is a(n) a. Tissue b. Organ c. Cell d. Species e. Organism 3. The process of ________ transforms solar energy into chemical energy. a. Metabolism b. Homeostasis c. Respiration d. Photosynthesis e. Reproduction 4. A desert with little water, high heat, sand, cacti, and some mammals is a community TRUE FALSE 5. The Carbon Dioxide we exhale is produced by the cells of our body TRUE FALSE 6. Water molecules are Polar with positive hydrogen atoms in one molecule being attracted to the negative oxygen atoms in the other. This is a hydrogen bond. TRUE FALSE 7. When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics? a. Energy is conserved. b. Energy can be changed from one form to another c. Energy is often destroyed. d. All energy comes from the sun. e. Energy is always used up in reactions. 8. An apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy TRUE FALSE 9. Which one of the following molecules is able to move across the cell membrane by Facilitated diffusion? a. DNA b. Hemoglobin c. Carbon dioxide d. Glucose e. Starch 10. Darwin's primary mission on the HMS Beagle was to  a. Develop the theory of evolution b. Observe natural selection in action c. Gather data on geologic processes from around the world d. Describe as many different new species as possible e. Expand the Navy's knowledge of natural resources around the world 11. Critical to the theory of evolution, Darwin needed to include an idea that was not generally accepted by scientists or society at that time. That idea was that a. Catastrophism occurred at a uniform rate b. The inheritance of acquired characteristics was true c. The Earth must be very old d. Uniformitarianism was false e. Diversity of life was constant through time 2 12. Which is NOT an important characteristic of the Galápagos Islands in the context of Darwin's theory of evolution? a. The islands were too far from mainland South America for most terrestrial plants and animals to colonize. b. The organisms on the islands were different from those observed in South America. c. The organisms on the islands were similar to those observed in South America. d. The organisms on the islands varied from island to island. e. Multiple islands all had an identical environment 13. Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of natural selection?  a. Members of a population possess heritable variations. b. The population produces more offspring than the environment can support. c. Individuals who have favorable traits survive and reproduce more than those individuals lacking such T traits. d. People select which individuals breed and which ones do not e. Over multiple generations of reproducing, a larger proportion of the population will have those favorable traits and thus adaptation has occurred. 14. Prior to Darwin, people considered variation among individuals as "imperfections" that served no particular purpose.  TRUE FALSE 15. Fitness refers to: a. The variation in traits within the population b. Reproductive success c. Mutations that benefit an organism's survival d. The physical health of an individual e. The physical health of a population 3

BIO | 1300 | Introduction to Biology | exam | BIOL 1300 – Summer 2020 FINAL 

Dragon Genetics -- Independent Assortment and Genetic Linkage Inheritance of Single Genes Mother (WwHh) WH Wh wH wh Father (wwhh) wh WwHh Wwhh wwHh wwhh wh WwHh Wwhh wwHh wwhh wh WwHh Wwhh wwHh wwhh wh WwHh Wwhh wwHh wwhh Q1. On average, what fraction of the baby dragons will have big horns? 50%, 1/2 Q 2. Describe the phenotype of the gametes above. A. __ wings, big horns________ B. ___no wings, small horns __________ C. ___wings, small horns_ __________ D. ___no wings, big horns_ ________ Q 3. Using the Punnett Square you created above, indicate the genotype and phenotype of the 4 possible genetic combinations in the dragon babies. Genotype Phenotype Baby Type 1 __ WwHh _ __wings, big horns ____ Baby Type 2 _Wwhh_ _ _wings, little horns__ ___ Baby Type 3 wwHh__ _ __no wings, big horns_ ___ Baby Type 4 __wwhh _ _no wings, little horns__ ___ Q 4. This type of mating involving two different genes is more typically shown as a Punnett square with four rows and four columns as you did above. This particular Punnett Square can be created with only one row of genetic information. Explain why this can be done. Father is homozygous Q 5. Considering only the baby dragons with wings, what fraction do you expect to have big horns? 50% Q 6. Considering only the baby dragons without wings, what fraction do you expect to have big horns? 50% Q 7. Do you expect that baby dragons with wings and without wings will be equally likely to have big horns? Yes, 50%  Step 2. Repeat step 1 three times to make and record three more baby dragons. Record your results Mother ( WwHh ) wh wH Wh WH Father ( wwhh ) wh Genotype of baby = wwhh Number of babies with this genotype =__0__ Genotype of baby = wwHh Number of babies with this genotype =__1__ Genotype of baby = Wwhh Number of babies with this genotype =__2__ Genotype of baby = WwHh Number of babies with this genotype =__1__ Step 3. Draw a Punnett square to show the genotypes of the baby dragons that could be produced by this father and mother. Mother (wwffnnhh) wfnh wfnh wfnh wfnh Father (WwFfNnHh) wFnh wwFfnnhh wwFfnnhh wwFfnnhh wwFfnnhh wFNH wwFfNnHh wwFfNnHh wwFfNnHh wwFfNnHh Wfnh Wwffnnhh Wwffnnhh Wwffnnhh Wwffnnhh WFNH WwFfNnHh WwFfNnHh WwFfNnHh WwFfNnHh Q 8. Based on this Punnett square, will any of the baby dragons have the dominant allele W for wings, but not the dominant allele F for fire-breathing? Yes 25% Q 9. Will any of the baby dragons have the dominant allele W for wings, but not the dominant allele H for big horns? no Q 10. Explain the difference in results for the inheritance of the wing and fire-breathing genes vs. the inheritance of the wing and horn genes. Q 11. Will any of the baby dragons with wings have short fangs? Yes 25% Q 12. Will any of the fire-breathing baby dragons have short fangs? yes Q 13. Will any of the fire-breathing baby dragons have no wings? yes Q 14. Explain how genetic linkage accounts for these results. Genes end up moving together during fertilization so they are linked as opposed to inherited independently

BIO | 1300 | Introduction to Biology | lab | Dragon Genetics -- Independent

Chapter 8 OPENSTAX Quiz   Course LIFE SCIENCE SUMMR-CMP 2020 VC01 Test Chapter 8 OPENSTAX Quiz Started 6/22/20 7:31 AM Submitted 6/22/20 8:19 AM Due Date 6/23/20 11:00 PM Status Completed Attempt Score 20 out of 20 points Time Elapsed 47 minutes Results Displayed All Answers, Submitted Answers, Feedback, Incorrectly Answered Questions  Question 1 1 out of 1 points The A/B/O blood type grouping represents a good example of polygenic inheritance Selected Answer: Fals e Answers: Tru e Fals e  Question 2 1 out of 1 points Crossing-over is the only way to recombine linked genes. Selected Answer: Tru e Answers: Tru e Fals e  Question 3 2 out of 2 points What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of two dihybrid individuals? Selected Answer: c.   9:3:3:1 Answers: a.   1:1:1:1 b.   3:1 c.   9:3:3:1 d.   All offspring will have the same phenotype  Question 4 2 out of 2 points A testcross is when an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is bred with ________________ to determine the individual's genotype. Selected Answer: c.   another individual known to be homozygous recessive Answers: a.   another individual known to be homozygous dominant b.   another individual known to be heterozygous c.   another individual known to be homozygous recessive d.   itself  Question 5 2 out of 2 points When a heterozygote demonstrates an intermediate phenotype between those of the homozygotes, this is known as __________________. Selected Answer: a.   incomplete dominance Answers: a.   incomplete dominance b.   codominance c.   multiple alleles d.   pleiotropy  Question 6 2 out of 2 points If an individual is heterozygous for a specific trait S, Ss is called his _____________. Selected Answer: c.   genotype Answers: a.   alleles b.   phenotype c.   genotype d.   testcross  Question 7 2 out of 2 points Which of the following contradicts Mendel's "law of independent assortment"? Selected Answer: b.   Linked genes Answers: a.   Crossing-over b.   Linked genes c.   Environmental effects on phenotype d.   All of the above  Question 8 2 out of 2 points Different forms of a gene are called _______________. Selected Answer: a.   alleles Answers: a.   alleles b.   gene loci c.   heterozygou s d.   hybrid  Question 9 2 out of 2 points A woman with blood type A has two children with a man of blood type B. The children's blood types are B and O. What can we determine about the parents? Selected Answer: b.   Both the man and woman are heterozygous Answers: a.   Both the man and woman are homozygous b.   Both the man and woman are heterozygous c.   Only the man is homozygous d.   Cannot determine from just one generation  Question 10 2 out of 2 points A mother has a homozygous recessive genotype for a gene on the X- chromosome. The father displays the dominant trait. What is the likelihood that their daughter will display the dominant trait? Selected d.  

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