Evolution and Biology of Sex

Organismal Biology

Intro to Botany

Biol 106 - 2020 Complete prior to aending Lecture In Focus 3rd edion Learn Before Lecture-chapters 32, and a lile bit from 33: Chemical Signals: Hormones Note: We will focus on the diﬀerent mechanisms by which hormones regulate physiological processes using speciﬁc examples of each. I will not ask you to memorize the hormones secreted by each endocrine ssue as shown in Figure 32.5. Use this LBL as a guide to how we will approach the endocrine system and physiology. Chapter 32: Q1a. Hormones are one chemical signaling system in animals. What is the other one? ___Pheromones_____________ Q1b. What is the oﬃcial name for the system responsible for hormones? ______Endocrine system____________________ We will encounter the following hormones in our physiology discussions. Find each in Figure 32.5 and idenfy the secreng ssue and what eﬀect it has: Secreted from (ssue) Eﬀect when present Q2a. Calcitonin Thyroid Gland Lowers blood calcium levels Q2b. Releasing and Inhibing hormones hypothalamus Regulate anterior pituitary Q2c. Andiurec hormone (ADH) Pituitary gland, posterior pituitary Promotes retenon of water by kidneys; inﬂuences social behavior and bonding Q2d. Glucagon Pancreas Raises blood glucose level Hormones control physiological processes using several mechanisms . A. Posive vs negave Feedback Loops Q3a. How do negave feedback loops work? Controls circuit or loop that reduces or damps the smulus. Q3b. How do posive feedback loops work? A control mechanism in which the response reinforces the smulus, leading to an even greater response. B. Simple Pathways vs Hormone Cascades Q4a. List the series of steps in a simple pathway: Stimulus (low blood glucose) binds to receptor which secretes a substance (glucagon) into the blood which has target effectors (the liver) and causes a response (glycogen breakdown: glucose released into blood) Q4b. What is the term for hormone pathways (either simple or cascades) that are iniated by the nervous system? Q5a. List the series of generalized steps in a hormone cascade pathway : Examine Figure 32.8 and answer the following about control of bioenergecs (blood pressure, heart rate, etc) to illustrate a speciﬁc cascade pathway : Q5b. What hormone is released in response to low thyroid hormone? (give the name) __Thyroid smulang hormone (TSH)____________ Q5c. What does this hormone cause to be released from the anterior pituitary gland? (give the name) ____Thyrotropin____ Q5d. What does this hormone cause to be released from the thyroid gland? (give the name) _____Thyroud hormone t3 t4___________

BIO | 106 | Organismal Biology | homework | Biol 106 - 2020 Complete prior

Biol 106 - 2020 Complete prior to aending Lecture In Focus 3rd edion Q5b. What hormone is released in response to low thyroid hormone? (give the name) thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH) Q5c. What does this hormone cause to be released from the anterior pituitary gland? (give the name) to secrete thyroid-smulang hormone (TSH, also known as thyrotropin) Q5d. What does this hormone cause to be released from the thyroid gland? (give the name) thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) Q5e. This hormone then causes the ulmate response in the target ssue. In this example, what is the response to this cascade that was unleashed by the low levels of thyroid hormone? Help maintain normal blood pressure, heart rate and muscle tone; and regulate digesve and reproducve funcons. Q6. What is a “tropic” hormone? Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target Solubility Q7. Where are the main receptors for water-soluble hormones located ? Cell membrane Q7b. Where are the main receptors for lipid-soluble hormones located? In the cytoplasm and/or nucleus Chapter 33: Feedback regulaon involving antagonisc hormone pairs (e.g., glucose homeostasis) Examine Figure 33.19 and answer the following: Q8a. Name the antagonisc pair of hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose levels at ~100 mg/100mL Insulin & glucagon Q8b. State what aﬀect each as on blood sugar -Insulin: lowers blood sugar- enhances the transport of glucose into body cells ands stimulates the liver to store glucose as glycogen -Glucagon: increases blood sugar-promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose in the blood. Q8c. Name the target ssue of each: Insulin targets liver, muscle and adipose ssue Glucagon targets liver Q8d. Explain in what way they are “antagonisc”:  Insulin: lowers blood sugar- enhances the transport of glucose into body cells ands stimulates the liver to store glucose as glycogen  Glucagon: increases blood sugar-promotes the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose in the blood.

BIOLOGY 102: Learn Before Lecture #2 Cells: Intro and Membranes Chapter 04 (60-68) Q1. What is the name of the molecule that makes up an organism’s genome? DNA Q2. What are the two main parts of “cell theory”? every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all cells living today came from a preexisng cell. Q3. How did Gibson and Venter know that their “synthec life” was alive? When they “booted up” and turned bright blue Q4. What is the name of the molecule that makes up a cell’s plasma membrane? Two layers of a phospholipid Q5. What do hydrophobic and hydrophilic mean? Hydrophobic: phosphate tail, water fearing Hydrophilic: phosphate head, water fearing Q6. A. If molecules are moving from a region of higher concentraon to a region of lower concentraon, which of the following may be occurring? Circle all that apply. diﬀusion osmosis acve transport passive transport B. Which one requires an input of energy? Acve Q7. Most cells are at least __70___% water. Q8. What do hypertonic , hypotonic, and isotonic refer to? What is the diﬀerence among them? They refer to the concentraon of solutes within a cell in relaon to the concentraon outside the cell Hypertonic: If the extracellular environment has a higher solute concentraon Hypotonic: If it has a lower solute concentraon than the cell’s interior Isotonic: When cells are surrounded by ﬂuid with the same solute concentraon as the cell interior , the extracellular and intracellular environments Q9. A. What type of molecule is able to diﬀuse straight through a plasma membrane? hydrophobic hydrophilic B. What term describes the way the other type of molecule must diﬀuse through a membrane? What type of protein is involved in this process? Facilitated diﬀusion, transport protein Q10. What do endocytosis and exocytosis refer to? What is the diﬀerence between them? Endocytosis: bringing material from the outside of the cell to the inside, enclosed in vesicles. Endocytosis may be nonselecve, as shown here, drawing in any and all molecules near the opening of the vesicle. Exocytosis: The substance to be exported from the cell is packaged into a vesicle, and as the vesicle approaches the plasma membrane, a poron of the vesicle’s membrane fuses with the plasma membrane. The inside of the vesicle then opens to the exterior of the cell, discharging its contents.

BIOL | 102 | Evolution and Biology of Sex | lab | BIOLOGY 102: Learn Before Lect

BIOLOGY 101 AND 102 BIOLOGY 101 AND 102 ANSWERS FOR THE SECOND LECTURE EXAM, FALL 2005 Answers are in bold typeface 1. Which of the following is closest to the number of protein-coding genes across all of the chromosomes in a human body cell, as determined by the Human Genome Project? A. About 30,000 b. About 300,000 c. About 3 million d. About 30 million e. About 300 million 2. Most of the DNA in a human cell codes for proteins: a. True b. False 3. Which of the following is true of restriction enzymes? a. They cut specific sequences of amino acids in proteins b. They cut specific sequences of DNA nucleotides c. They cut specific sequences of mRNA codons d. They cut proteins away from fats in cell membranes e. They cut proteins away from sugars in cell membranes 4. What natural process is mimicked in the lab when we use the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) technique? a. Mutation of a gene b. Protein synthesis in ribosomes c. Angiogenesis d. Replication of DNA 5. Into what structures can we place human genes so that bacteria will then produce human proteins? a. Acrosomes b. Ribosomes c. Plasmids d. Mitochondria 1 6. ‘Golden rice’ has been genetically engineered. What is so special about this modified food plant? a. It produces its own insect-killing chemicals b. It contains high levels of certain vitamins c. It produces insulin, a human hormone used to treat diabetes d. It is resistant to the poisonous effects of certain weed-killers e. It produces human growth hormone 7. ‘Round-up Ready soybeans’ have been genetically engineered. What is so special about this modified food plant? a. It produces its own insect-killing chemicals b. It contains high levels of certain vitamins c. It produces insulin, a human hormone used to treat diabetes d. It is resistant to the poisonous effects of certain weed-killers e. It produces human growth hormone 8. If two carriers of a recessive genetic disease visit a genetic counselor, what will that person tell them about the chances that they will produce an unhealthy child? a. The chances are 1 in 4 b. The chances are 2 in 4 c. The chances are 3 in 4 d. Sorry – the chances are 100% 9. If a mother who is heterozygous and a father who is homozygous for a recessive genetic disease visit a genetic counselor, what will that person tell them about the chances that they will produce an unhealthy child? a. The chances are 1 in 4 b. The chances are 2 in 4 c. The chances are 3 in 4 d. Sorry – the chances are 100% 10. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a normal human body cell (such as a skin or liver cell)? a. 46 b. 26 c. 16 d. 36 11. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in a normal human egg or sperm cell? a. 23 b. 13 c. 8 d. 18 12. Which of the following disorders is associated with trisomy of chromosome 21? a. Cystic fibrosis b. Bubble-boy disease c. Down syndrome d. Muscular dystrophy e. Sickle-cell disease 2

BIOL | 102 | Evolution and Biology of Sex | exam | BIOLOGY 101 AND 102 BIOLOGY 10

o How blood vessels are bioengineered so they won’t be rejected: An extracellular matrix is created on a biodegradable frame shaped like a blood vessel and then populated with the paent’s own cells once it is inside the body Q Anbioc resistance – what is MRSA? How does bacteria become resistant to our anbiocs? Be sure to lay out the 3 steps of natural selecon as you describe the process by which resistance evolves. o Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus o Development of Anbioc Resistance in Bacteria:  Relevant variaon = anbioc that is resistant vs. not resistant to anbiocs  Selecve Pressure = anbiocs (what causes bacteria to become resistant)  Outcome of selecon = anbioc resistance bacteria are mulplying (horizontal gene transfer) Q What are some examples of how science and art intersect? Q How did the removal of wolves from Yellowstone Naonal Park aﬀect the ecosystem? How did the reintroducon of wolves years later aﬀect the ecosystem? o With wolves gone, elk increase and eat aspen bark, which killed the trees o Reintroduced wolves to Yellowstone, and elk pop. Decreased tree populaons are recovering Q Plants are part of a thriving black market . Which large, woody plant is smuggled in, somemes stolen, and can fetch upward of $20,000 on the internaonal black market? (you saw one in the greenhouse, although it is not that valuable). o Mature cycad Science Q What does science study? o Quesons that explore what nature is made of and how it works Q When someone makes a claim in science, what kind of support do they need to have that claim accepted as true? o Evidence-based support, must show causaon to present a scienﬁc claim, repeated experiments that all give the same results Science is based on hypothesis tesng. Q. What is a theory in science?  An overarching explanaon of a variety of related observaons Q. What is a hypothesis?  An idea about the outcome of an experiment Q We discussed the fact that experiments are designed to falsify the hypothesis rather than support it. Explain what this means and why science is set up this way. o “falsiﬁable” = it is possible to imagine some observaon that would show the hypothesis is false o A hypothesis is aempng to show that it is not true, never to prove but to support with evidence Q You must be careful when drawing conclusions – what is the diﬀerence between causaon and correlaon? How can correlaon lead to faulty conclusion? o Correlaon – a stascal relaon indicang that 2+ aspects of the natural world behave in an interrelated manner o Causaon -a stascal relaon indicang that a change is one aspect of the natural world causes a change in another aspect Cells are the Building Block of Living Organisms Q. The cell membrane is “semi-permeable”. What does this mean? (only water can freely pass through, everything else needs “permission” from the protein channels)  It has proteins embedded in it that only allow certain molecules through

Schools|Washington State University

Departments in Washington State University

BIO

BIO

Popular courses from Washington State University

Popular documents from Washington State University