Intro to Botany

Organismal Biology

Evolution and Biology of Sex

BIOL 102 Biology Now - 2018 Learn Before Lecture Worksheet-6 Chapter 7 pp 116-123: Paerns of Inheritance (Dog Days of Science) Answer the questions below as you read the narrative of the chapter. 1a. What is a gene?  basic unit of informaon aﬀecng a genec trait 1b. What is a genec trait?  any inherited characterisc of an organism that can be observed or detected in some manner 1c. What is an invariant trait?  they are the same in all individuals of the species What example do they give?  all soybeans have pods that contain seeds 1d. What is a variable trait?  traits that are diﬀerent in each individual of a species List two of the examples they give: soybeans come in various sizes and colors 1e. What are the three general types of traits are inﬂuenced by genecs?  physical, biochemical, behavioral Geng to the Genes 2a. Deﬁne “allele”  diﬀerent versions of a given gene 2b. What is the diﬀerence between genotype and phenotype? Deﬁne each term: Genotype: the genec makeup controlled by the combinaon of alleles Phenotype: the physical expression of the genec makeup Pet Project Learn the terms “dominant” and recessive”. Then answer the following quesons: 3a. List all of the poodle fur gene combinaons that are homozygous (give the leer combinaons) : bb BB List all of the poodle fur gene combinaons that are heterozygous (give the leer combinaons) : Bb 3b. Which phenotype will a heterozygous individual show? Circle one: the dominant phenotype / the recessive phenotype / the heterozygous phenotype. Crisscrossing Plants 4a. Write the genotypes of the two, true-breeding plants Mendel used in his P-generaon: _PP_ x _pp__ 4b. What is the genotype of all F1 plants? _____Pp____ 4c. As you read, complete the Punne squares for this single gene cross. You can put your cursor in each cell of the table as you work :  add the alleles from the male parent across the top.  add the alleles from the female parent down the side.  ﬁll in the boxes to show the possible genotypes of the oﬀspring. P p P PP Pp p Pp pp BIOL 102 Biology Now - 2018 4d. What proporon of the oﬀspring is predicted to have genotype PP? __1_ / 4 What proporon is predicted to have genotype Pp? _2__ / 4 (which is the same as _1__ / 2) What proporon is predicted to have genotype pp? _1__ / 4 5. Read “What Are the Odds?” on pg 124 and answer the following queson: In the pea plants example above, if you get just 4 plants in the F 2 generaon, will you get 1PP, 2Pp, and 1pp oﬀspring? Circle one: a) Yes, deﬁnitely b) No, you will never get exactly that rao c) Not necessarily-you can’t predict with certaint y that you will get this exact combinaon.

BIOL | 102 | Evolution and Biology of Sex | lab | BIOL 102 Biology Now - 2018 Le

Ch. 15 Quiz (Bio) Exam 5 Red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait in humans. Two people with normal color vision have a color-blind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? XNXn and XNY Map units on a linkage map cannot be relied upon to calculate physical distances on a chromosome for which of the following reasons? The frequency of crossing over varies along the length of the chromosome. One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called? Translocation Males are more often affected by sex-linked traits than females because males are hemizygous for the X chromosome. diploid cell a cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent. Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). How many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 1 -Meiosis cuts the number of chromosomal sets in half. Humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 23 -23 is one half of 46 _____ is the process by which haploid gametes form a diploid zygote. Fertilization -the joining of haploid gametes produces a diploid zygote. A particular diploid plant species has 48 chromosomes, or two sets. A mutation occurs and gametes with 48 chromosomes are produced. If self-fertilization occurs, the zygote will have _____ set(s) of chromosomes. 4 -If self-fertilization occurs, and two gametes (each having 48 chromosomes) unite, the zygote will have 96 chromosomes ( or 4 sets) Which of these terms applies to an organism with extra sets of chromosomes? polyploid -polyploid individuals have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Mutant tetraploid plants _____. are unable to interbreed with a diploid plant -This is why polyploidy is a mechanisms of plant speciation. Most polyploid plants arise as a result of _____. hybridization -most polyploid plants are the results of the hybridization of two diﬀerent parental species. A nonreciprocal crossover causes which of the following products? Original deletion and duplication Part A - The inheritance of a skin condition in humans Consider the following family history: Bob has a genetic condition that affects his skin. Bob's wife, Eleanor, has normal skin. No one in Eleanor's family has ever had the skin condition. Bob and Eleanor have a large family. Of their eleven children, all six of their sons have normal skin, but all five of their daughters have the same skin condition as Bob. Based on Bob and Eleanor's family history, what inheritance pattern does the skin condition most likely follow? X-linked dominant -If the skin condition is caused by an X-liked dominant allele, a father would pass the allele on to all of his daughters. In contrast, the father would not pass the allele on to any of his sons because the sons would receive the father's Y chromosomes, not his X chromosome. Genomic imprinting is generally due to the addition of methyl (-CH3) groups to C nucleotides in order to silence a given gene. If this depends on the sex of the parent who transmits the gene, which of the following must be true? methylation must be reversible in ovarian testicular cells. What can we observe in order to visualize Mendel's Law of Segregation? homologous chromosomes separating during meiosis I -Homologous chromosomes each carry an allele or every gene. Those alleles may be the same or diﬀerent, but they are segregated during meiosis 1 and distributed to each gamete. In general, the frequency with which crossing over occurs between two linked genes depends on what? how far apart they are on the chromosome -The farther apart two genes are, the greater the probability that a crossover will occur between them, and therefore the greater the recombination frequency. What results if a fragment of a chromosome breaks off and then reattaches to the original chromosome at the same place but in the reverse direction? an inversion Of the following human aneuploidies, which is the one that generally has the most severe impact on the health of the individual? 47, +21 In humans, what determines the sex of offspring and why? The male gamete determines sex because each male gamete can contribute either an X or a Y chromosome. -In humans, the male produces both X- and Y-bearing sperm, whereas females only produce X-bearing eggs. When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed his red-eyed F1 generation flies to each other, the F2 generation included both red- and white-eyed flies. Remarkably, all the white-eyed flies were male. What was the explanation for this result? The gene involved is on the X chromosome What name is given to the most common phenotype in a natural population?

BIOL | 102 | Evolution and Biology of Sex | assessment | Ch. 15 Quiz (Bio) Exam 5 Red-g

BIOL 102 Biology Now - 2018 Learn Before Lecture Worksheet-5 Chapter 6 pp 104-115: Cell Division-Meiosis (Toxic Plasc) Answer the questions below as you read the narrative of the chapter. Submit your completed quiz by 10 am. 1a. What chemical was leaching out of the plastic water bottles in Patricia Hunt’s mouse cages and causing problems with her experiment? _ bisphenol A _ 1b. What was the problem that Patricia Hunt at Case Western (and now at WSU!) encountered with the cells they were growing as part of her experiments? 40 percent of the eggs had abnormal chromosomes. 2a. Patricia Hunt was working with mouse eggs (oocytes). Instead of mitosis, what is the name of the process that makes gametes? Meiosis 2b. What term is described by each of the following statements?  Two sets of chromosomes are present in a cell: _ diploid (somatic cell) _  One set of chromosomes is present in a cell: _ haploid (gamete) _  The fusion of two gametes: _ Fertilization _  The single cell that results from fusion of two gametes: _ zygote _  The pair of chromosomes – one came from the mom, the other from the dad: _ homologous pair _ Meiosis is divided into two phases – Meiosis I and Meiosis II. 3a. Read the narrative and look at Figure 6.8. In which phase of meiosis does the cell go from being diploid to being haploid? Circle one: Meiosis I / Meiosis II . 3b. Which type of cell division does BPA disrupt? Circle one: Mitosis / Meiosis . 4. Refer to Figure 6.8 to place the following cells in order as they progress through meiosis (I only have a single representative of each cell stage). You can drag and drop them into the right order and in the right part of meiosis below. Hint: look carefully for the presence of homologs and sister chromatids. MEIOSIS I: MEIOSIS II: A B C D E F G H BIOL 102 Biology Now - 2018 Shuffling the DNA 5a. What are the two ways that sexual reproduction generates genetic diversity in offspring? List them: crossing over – between the paternal and maternal members of each homologous pair of chromosomes Independent assortment – of these paired up chromosomes during meiosis 5b. What is a “recombined” chromosome? Hint – look at Figure 6.9 as well as the text. a chromatid that went through DNA exchange with a non-sister chromatid 5c. Examine Figure 6.10 – what is “independently assorted” as the cell moves into Metaphase I? The random distribution of the homologous chromosomes into daughter cells during meiosis one 5d. Return to the text (the paragraph above “Ten Years Later”). What is the 3 rd process that generates genetic diversity in offspring? Fertilization between a one-in-a-million egg and a one-in-a-million sperm 6. Put the following events of meiosis in the correct order by numbering them from 1 to 5. 1 Separation of sister chromatids 2 Separation of homologous chromosomes. 4 Fusion of two gametes 5 Mitosis within the zygote, leading to a multicellular organism. 3 Cytokinesis, leading to four haploid daughter cells. 7. What additional findings did Frederick vom Saal and Patricia Hunt find that caused increased concern about the dangers of BPA? Male mice that were exposed to BPA in utero had enlarged prostates in adulthood that were hypersensitive to hormones 8a. What percent of plastic drink bottles are recycled? 25% 8b. What can they be recycled into? Clothing, sleeping bags, carpeting, more bottles

Name___________________________ Biology 102, Spring 2012 Exam III d. at the top of the J-shaped curve e. all of the above 32. Two species of birds that both nest in Banyan trees and eat mosquitoes colonize Maui. After about 10 years, only one of the two species remains. This is an example of: a. competitive exclusion principle b. resource partitioning c. speciation d. commensalism e. fundamental niche 33. Few top carnivores can be supported in a food web because: a. mineral nutrients do not cycle quickly enough b. their generation time is long c. a large amount of energy is lost between each trophic level d. little habitat is hospitable for carnivores e. they need too much sunlight 34.Producers are: a. autotrophs b. carnivores c. omnivores d. herbivores e. detritovores For questions 35-39, match the description to biome in the key. Key: a. tundra b.taiga c. temperate deciduous forests d. tropical forests e. grasslands 35. Dominated by coniferous trees. B 36. Contains permafrost A 37. Include savannahs E 38. Moderate climate, with relatively high rainfall and defined seasons. C 39. Has complex structure, with very rich biodiversity. D 40. Which type of immune cell cannot have memory? a. B b. helper T c. cytotoxic T d. plasma e. macrophage 41. Weeds, like dandelions would likely have which type of population dispersion? a. uniform b. clumped c. random d. nearly uniform e. even Name___________________________ Biology 102, Spring 2012 Exam III 42. Perhaps the most important driver of emerging infectious diseases is: a. air travel b. changes in land use c. poor sanitation d. international trade e. climate change 43. A demographic transition in a human population results in: a. a decrease in population growth rate b. an increase in population growth rate c. population size staying the same d. a rapid increase and then a population crash e. none of the above 44. An example of a country experiencing negative human population growth is: a. USA b. Mexico c. Kenya d. Italy e. China 45. The US now has approximately what percentage of wetlands as compared to pre-European settlement times? a. 75% b. 50% c. 33% d. 20% e. 10% 46. Which of the following diseases is responsible for a large number of declines across many amphibian species? a. a fungus b. a virus c. a bacteria d. a nematode e. an amoeba 47. Which of the following is considered an “enigmatic” cause of amphibian declines? a. climate change b. habitat loss c. overexploitation d. invasive species e. all of the above 48. What is the number 1 cause of species’ declines and extinctions worldwide? a. climate change b. habitat loss c. overexploitation d. invasive species e. emerging infectious diseases

BIOL | 102 | Evolution and Biology of Sex | exam | Name__

Biol 106 Biology in Focus Homework 1/Learn Before Lecture/Chapter 28: Plant Structure and Growth INSTRUCTIONS: Read the secons of chapter 28 as indicated below (you can skim through the other secons (if there are more) – use this sheet as a guide for where to focus your aenon and me on). Fill in this homework worksheet as you read. Once it is completed, go to Blackboard and complete the quiz using this sheet. **Be warned that the quiz quesons do not repeat the text of the quesons – you need this completed worksheet to successfully navigate the quiz** Concept 28.1: Hierarchical Organizaon of Plants Q1. Name the three basic plant organs? Roots, stems, and leaves Q2. Describe the most important role of root hairs? The most important role of root hairs is that it absorbs water and minerals occurring near the ps of elongang roots Q3: What is the diﬀerence between a stolon and a rhizome? Stolons are horizontal shoots that grow along the surface. This allows plants to reproduce asexually as plantlets grow from axillary buds. (Example: Strawberries) Rhizomes are horizontal shoots that grow just below the surface. Vercal shoots emerge from axillary buds on the rhizomes. Q4: Pneumatophores are good for? Pneumatophores are a good system to obtain oxygen. An example is mangrove where it is surrounded by thick waterlogged mud. Transfer gases Q5: What are the three basic ssues in a plant, and in what order (from outside to the inside) do they exist in the plant body? Three basic ssues in a plant are: Dermal ssue (outside), Ground ssue (middle), and Vascular ssue (inside). Q6: What is the role of the vascular ssue? The role of vascular ssue is to facilitate the transport of materials through the plant and to provide mechanical support. Q7: Sclerenchyma cells diﬀer from parenchyma cells in what? Parenchyma do not have secondary walls in which sclerenchyma has. Parenchyma are mostly used to store whereas sclerenchyma is to support the plant. Q8: Xylem is needed in the plant for what? Xylem is needed to conduct water and dissolve minerals upward from the roots to the shoots Q9: Phloem is a long distance transport ssue that is mainly required to transport what? To transport sugars Concept 28.2. Diﬀerent meristems generate new cells for primary and secondary growth Q10: Deﬁne a meristem. Perpetually dividing, unspecialized ssue that divides when condions permit leading to new cells that elongate and become specialized. Q11: What types of meristems do you ﬁnd in a plant body and how do they diﬀer in funcon? Aoical meristems: located at the ps of the roots and shoots and in axillary buds of shoots, provide addional cells. Lateral meristems: extend along the length of roots and stems Primary meristems: produce dermal, ground, and vascular ssues Concept 28.3. Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots Q12: Label the diﬀerent parts of the root shown below. A = Epidermis B = Cortex C = Vascular cylinder D = Root Hair E = Root apical meristem F = Root cap G = Zone of diﬀerenaon H = Zone of elongaon I = Zone of cell division (including apical meristem) Q13: The primary growth of a root is mainly accomplished by what process and in which zone? The zone of elongaon is where most of the growth occurs as it elongates Q14: What is a basic diﬀerence in the organizaon of vascular ssue in eudicots when you compare root and shoot ssues? In roots its consisng of a solid core of xylem and phloem ssue. Q15: In a leaf, what cell type is mainly necessary for CO 2 and water vapor exchange with the atmosphere? Stomata 2

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