Biochemistry Cellular and Molecular Biology

Introductory Organismal Biology

Problem_Set__7___MBB.doc.doc-Problem set #7 1. DNA pol

Biol 106 Learn Before Lecture Chapter 29: Plant Nutrion INSTRUCTIONS: Read the secons of chapter 29 as indicated below (you can skim through the other secons – use this sheet as a guide for where to focus your aenon and me). Fill in this homework worksheet as you read. Once it is completed, go to Blackboard and complete the quiz using this sheet. **Be warned that the quiz quesons do not repeat the text of the quesons – you need this completed worksheet to successfully navigate the quiz** Concept 29.4: Plant nutrion involves relaonships with other organisms Q1: Rhizobacteria (a) What are rhizobacteria? The term refers to bacteria that form a relaonship beneﬁcial for both pares. They are an important group of microorganisms used in bioferlizer (b) Why are they beneﬁcial for plants? They are able to enhance the recycling of plant nutrients and decrease the use of chemical ferlizaon (c) Why are they beneﬁcial for agriculture? Plant growth-promong rhizobacteria are potenal agents for the biological control of plant pathogens Q2: What is a nodule and what is the reason why they appear somemes reddish? A swelling on a root of a leguminous plant, containing nitrogen-ﬁxing bacteria, some root nodules appear reddish because of a molecule called leghemoglobin, an iron containing protein that binds reversibly to oxygen Q3: What does the enzyme ‘nitrogenase’ catalyze? Biological nitrogen ﬁxaon is catalyzed by nitrogenase Q4: Mycorrhizae (a) What is the diﬀerence between endo- and ectomycorrhizae? The ectomycorrhiza is an associaon that takes place at the surface of the roots…Endomycorrizal fungi penetrate into the root cortex and form arbuscules within the root cells (b) Do they have a symbioc/mutualisc relaonship with plants, or do they have a parasic one? They have a symbioc/mutualisc relaonship with plants Q5: Why have some plants adapted to a carnivorous live style? Carnivorous plants have adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs. 2

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | homework | Biol 106 Learn Before Lecture 

Biol 106 Learn Before Lecture Chapter 29: Plant Nutrion INSTRUCTIONS: Read the secons of chapter 29 as indicated below (you can skim through the other secons – use this sheet as a guide for where to focus your aenon and me). Fill in this homework worksheet as you read. Once it is completed, go to Blackboard and complete the quiz using this sheet. **Be warned that the quiz quesons do not repeat the text of the quesons – you need this completed worksheet to successfully navigate the quiz** Concept 29.3: Plant roots absorb essenal elements from the soil Q1: What is the diﬀerence between a macro- and a micronutrient?  Macro nutrients are required in large quanes  Micronutrients are required in smaller quanes Q2: Essenal elements (a) How many elements have been found in plants, and how many of these are considered to be ‘essenal’?  More than 50 chemical elements. Seventeen essenal element: 9 are macronutrients (carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. The other eight are micronutrients: Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum. (b) Based on a plant’s dry mass, what are the four most common elements found in plants?  Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen (c) Are these four most common macronutrients primarily taken up by the leaves or the roots? Specify for each one.  Carbon: Leaves  Oxygen: Leaves  Hydrogen: Roots  Nitrogen: Roots Q3: How can you disnguish a plant that suﬀers from phosphorus deﬁciency versus a nitrogen-deﬁcient plant?  phosphorus deﬁciency turns the leaves purple while nitrogen deﬁciency turns the leaves yellow Q4: What is ‘humus’ and why is it important for the plant?  Humus is the remains of dead organisms, and other organic maer. Q5: What are ‘loams’, and why is it important for soil to be loamy?  Loams: The most ferle soil type, made up of roughly equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay.  Provides ample surface area for the adhesion and retenon of minerals and water. Supporng the most abundant growth. Q6: Why is pH such an important factor for soil quality?  Because it inﬂuences mineral availability Q7: Caon exchange in soil. (a) Why are caons diﬃcult to get access to in the soil?  because they are aached to the negave parcles in the soil (b) What does the term ‘caon exchange’ means?  Process where caons are displaced by other caons in soil, mainly H+ (c) Are anions also diﬃcult to take up from the soil by plants?  Yes, because many are lost through leaching 2

Lab 11 For this week’s lab, you will not be using your lab manual. Normally, a big part of this week’s lab is a dissecon of a rat and a survey of some major organ systems. In lieu of this, you will be watching a video of a mouse dissecon. The link to the video is on Blackboard. As you watch, answer the quesons below. The quiz quesons will be based on this list. 1. What aribute of the mouse’s incisors is typical of a rodent? Elongated incisors with connuous growth 2. Why do a mouse’s eyes have a red color? No pigments, due to deep blood vessels. 3. The mouse’s limbs are described as pentadactyl. What does this term describe? (You may need to Google it). Having 5 toes or ﬁngers. 4. How do the posions of the urinary and genital tract openings diﬀer between males and females? For the male, the scrotum hides the anus, and, in the female, the vagina is found anterior the anus. 5. Where are the salivary glands located? The base of the head 6. What are the two regions of the trunk called? Thorax and abdomen 7. What is the name of the muscle that separates those two regions? diaphragm 8. What are the major organs located in the thoracic cavity? Heart, lungs, thymas 9. What are the three main components of the respiratory system? Larynx, trachea & lungs 10. How is the right lung diﬀerent from the leﬅ lung? Right lung is divided into 4 lobes while the leﬅ lung has 1 large lobe. 11. What are the 2 subdivisions that the trachea leads to in the lungs? Bronchus & Bronchioles 12. These subdivisions lead to the alveoli , where gas exchange occurs. 13. What are the two parts of the circulatory system? Pulmonary & Systemic circulaon. What does each part connect the heart to? (P) connects to the lungs and (S) connects to organs. 14. Starng with blood returning from the head and other parts of the body, list the order blood passes the following, before returning to the head and other parts of the body: leﬅ atrium, right atrium, leﬅ ventricle, right ventricle, vena cava, aorc arch, lungs, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, aorta. Vena cava – right atrium – right ventricle – pulmonary artery – lungs – pulmonary veins – leﬅ atrium - leﬅ ventricle – aorc arch – aorta - 15. List the four regions of the digesve tract. Esophagus, stomach, small intesne & large intesne. 16. Which blood vessels need to be cut to move the heart and lungs out of the way, so the esophagus is visible in its whole length? Vena cava, aorc arch 17. To unroll the intesnes, what structures must be gently torn? Digesve tract 18. What makes the rectum easily recognizable in this mouse? A string of droppings inside 19. How many lobes does the liver consist of? 4 20. Where does the bile duct deliver hepac (liver) secreons to? duodenum 21. Where is the pancreas located? Behind the stomach 22. What type of organ is the spleen? Immunological organ 23. What three structures does urine pass through aﬅer leaving the kidneys? Ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. 24. What glands are located directly on top of the kidneys? Adrenal glands (endocrine) 25. What is the funconal diﬀerence between the male and female urethra? In females, urine is eliminated in the urethra, in the male the urethra had a urogenital funcon, also allows the emission of sperm. 26. Where does the urinary path end in the female? Urinary papilla 27. What structures connect the ovaries with the uterus? oviduct 28. Where are the tescles normally located? Within the abdomen. Where do they move during mang? scrotum 29. What structure moves sperm from the tescle to the vas deferens? epididymis 30. What do Tyson’s glands secrete? Pheromones and lubricang compounds for mang.

BIO | 106 | Introductory Organismal Biology | assessment | Lab 11 For this week’s lab  yo

Biol 106 10 th ed. 2016 Learn Before Lecture Chapter 54: Community Ecology Concept 54.1: PREDATION 1. For each of the feeding adaptaons listed, explain how it helps the predator obtain its prey a. acute senses – Help predators idenfy and locate prey. b. claws, fangs or poison – Help predators catch and subdue pray. c. speed & agility - To maintain speed to catch prey, if the prey is faster predators cannot survive. 2.Potenal prey animals have adaptaons that reduce the chance of being eaten. List all of the behavioral adaptaons discussed: - Mechanical Defensive - Chemical Defense - Aposemac coloraon: warning coloraon - Crypc coloraon camouﬂage - Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one - Mullerian mimicry: Two unpalatable species mimic each other. 3. Consider morphological and physiological adaptaons for predator avoidance. Examine Figure 54.5 and read the associated text above it to describe the following predator avoidance adaptaons Deﬁne the following defensive adaptaons for avoiding predaon: a. Crypc coloraon: Makes prey diﬃcult to see by camouﬂage. b. Aposemac coloraon: A warning coloraon, such as a poison dart frog. c. Batesian mimicry: A harmless species mimics a harmful one. d. Mullerian mimicry: Two or more unpalatable (harmful) species resemble each other. 4. How do predators use mimicry? Predators such as the mimic octopus, use mimicry to approach prey. For example, imitang a crab to a approach another crab and eat it.

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