Intro to Aernautical Science

Aviation Legislation

Crash Survival Analysis and Design

Basic Aerodynamics

Pre-Calculus for Aviation

ASCI 254 Mid-Term Exam Fall 2015 Dr. Ham - Min. standards for the design, materials, workmanship, construcon and performance of a/c, a/c engines, propellers and appliances. - Reasonable rules and regulaons and min. standards for inspecons, servicing, and overhauls of a/c, a/c engines, propellers, and appliances, including equipment, and facilies used for such acvies. - Reasonable rules and regulaons governing the reserve supply of a/c, a/c engines, props, appliances, and a/c fuel and oil, incl. fuel and oil suppliers carried in ﬂight. - Reasonable rules and regulaons for maximum hours or periods of service of pilots and other employees of air carriers. - Other reasonable rules, regulaons or maximum standards governing other pracces, methods, and procedures necessary to provide adequately for naonal security and safety of air commerce. 43. The Air Mail Act of 1925 was the ﬁrst legislaon passed by Congress concerning aviaon. Discuss and explain the purpose for the act, the ramiﬁcaons of implemenng it and why it was important to the development of commercial aviaon. Your Answer: The act authorized the postmaster general to contract for domesc airmail service with commercial air carriers; it also set airmail rates and the level of cash subsidies to be paid to companies that carried the mail. The reason for the act was it permied the expansion of the airmail service without burden upon the taxpayers. By shiﬅing airmail operaons to private companies, help the government to eﬀecvely create the commercial aviaon industry. Eighty percent of the stamp money received by the Post Oﬃce was to be paid to the airmail carriers. The quanty of stamps needed depended upon the weight of the mail and also on how many of the three zones the mail had to cross. Companies saw that they would make more money if they carried smaller but heavier pieces of mail. Also, since they would receive the same amount of money no maer how many miles they ﬂew within a zone, they preferred to ﬂy shorter distances within a single zone and save some operang costs. 44. The Morrow board made several speciﬁc recommendaons concerning commercial aviaon that resulted in the passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926. What were those recommendaons and what did the 1926 act require of the federal government? Your Answer: The Morrow Board recommended that commercial aviaon development serves a naonal purpose and deserves the support of the government. It also recommended that the government should enhance the safety and reliability of ﬂying by establishing standards for pilots and aircraﬅ. The Morrow Board also suggested that the government should establish and maintain runways for navigaon and enlarge its support for airmail contract carriers under

ASCI | 254 | Aviation Legislation | exam | ASCI 254 Mid-Term Exam Fall 20

- Define Weight - Weight is a force that pulls the aircraft downward because of the force of gravity. It opposes lift and acts vertically downward through the aircraft’s center of gravity (CG). - Define Thrust - The force which imparts a change in the velocity of a mass. This force is measured in pounds but has no element of time or rate. The term “thrust required” is generally associated with jet engines. A forward force which propels the airplane through the air. - Define Drag - The net aerodynamic force parallel to the relative wind, usually the sum of two components: induced drag and parasite drag. When are the four forces in equilibrium? - What are the components of Lift Coefficient of lift (CL) Air density (ρ) Velocity (V) surface area of the wing (S) - 6.) How is a propeller’s aerodynamically similar to a wing? - One surface of the blade is cambered or curved, similar to the upper surface of an aircraft wing, while the other surface is flat like the bottom surface of a wing. The chord line is an imaginary line drawn through the blade from its leading edge to its trailing edge. As in a wing, the leading edge is the thick edge of the blade that meets the air as the propeller rotates. Blade angle, 7.) Describe the term density altitude (DA); how is it used? Identify at least two factors that will increase DA. Describe aircraft climb performance in a high DA environment compared to a low DA environment; why? Discuss how engine performance will change; why? Describe what will happen to required runway length and time to climb over obstacles following takeoff in a high DA environment. density altitude —the altitude in the standard atmosphere corresponding to a particular value of air density. - exerted by the weight of the atmosphere is approximately 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). The density of air has significant effects on the aircraft’s performance. As air becomes less dense, it reduces: - Power, because the engine takes in less air - Thrust, because the propeller is less efficient in thin air - Lift, because the thin air exerts less force on the airfoils - In extreme conditions, such as high density altitude, a deficiency of airspeed during takeoff may permit the aircraft to become airborne but be incapable of sustaining flight out of ground effect. In this case, the aircraft may become airborne initially with a deficiency of speed and then settle back to the runway. 8.) - Fixed pitch propeller designs -- what are they and how are they used? - fixed-pitch propeller achieves the best efficiency only at a given combination of airspeed and rpm, the pitch setting is ideal for neither cruise nor climb. Thus, the aircraft suffers a bit in each performance category. The fixed-pitch propeller is used when low weight, simplicity, and low cost are needed. 9.) - Preventative Maintenance? - Preventive maintenance is regarded as simple or minor preservation operations and the replacement of small standard parts, not involving complex assembly operations. 10.) Systems – Hydraulic - A basic hydraulic system consists of a reservoir, pump (either hand, electric, or engine- driven), a filter to keep the fluid clean, a selector valve to control the direction of flow, a relief valve to relieve excess pressure, and an actuator. fuel, - - The fuel system is designed to provide an uninterrupted flow of clean fuel from the fuel tanks to the engine. The fuel must be available to the engine under all conditions of engine power, altitude, attitude, and during all approved flight maneuvers. Two common classifications apply to fuel systems in small aircraft: gravity-feed and fuel-pump systems. Gravity-Feed System The gravity-feed system utilizes the force of gravity to transfer the fuel from the tanks to the engine. For example, on high-wing airplanes, the fuel tanks are installed in the wings. Fuel-Pump System Aircraft with fuel-pump systems have two fuel pumps. The main pump system is engine driven with an electrically-driven auxiliary pump provided for use in engine starting and in the event the engine pump fails. Fuel Primer Both gravity-feed and fuel-pump systems may incorporate a fuel primer into the system. The fuel primer is used to draw fuel from the tanks to vaporize fuel directly into the cylinders prior to starting the engine

ASCI | 202 | Intro to Aernautical Science | study guides | - Define Weight - Weight is a 

 Question 1 1 out of 1 points What is the primary role of the Air Traﬃc Control (ATC) system in the US? Selected Answer: separate aircraft (lateral, vertical and longitudinal)  Question 2 1 out of 1 points A pilot will get clearance to takeoﬀ on runway 18 at Denver International Airport from: Selected Answer: Denver Tower  Question 3 1 out of 1 points Which of the following handles traﬃc in a 30 to 50 nautical mile radius from the airport? Selected Answer: TRACO N  Question 4 1 out of 1 points Which of the following has long-range radar that can see aircraft at higher altitudes and up to 200 miles? Selected Answer: Air Route Traﬃc Control Centers (ARTCC)  Question 5 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is a building block for next generation (NextGen) air traﬃc control systems that will allows pilots to maintain separation without assistance from controllers? Selected Answer: Mode S transponder  Question 6 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT controlled by Ground Control? Selected Answer: active runways  Question 7 1 out of 1 points Which aircraft equipment responds with a unique identifying code that identiﬁes the aircraft, when a ground antenna sends out an interrogation signal? Selected Answer: Transpon der  Question 8 1 out of 1 points Which of the following keeps track of aircraft en route or during the high- altitude cruise phase of ﬂight? Selected Answer: Air Route Traﬃc Control Centers (ARTCC)  Question 9 1 out of 1 points When ATC reports that they are receiving Primary Radar only, this means they are receiving Selected Answer: a signal reﬂecting oﬀ the airplane.  Question 10 1 out of 1 points Which of the following keeps track of all aircraft operating in the National Airspace System (NAS)? Selected Answer: Air Traﬃc Control System Command Center (ATCSCC)  Question 11 1 out of 1 points In the US, the Air Traﬃc Control (ATC) system is run by the Selected Answer: federal government  Question 12 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a type of pre-ﬂight brieﬁng provided by Automated Flight Service Stations (AFSS)? Selected Answer: Face-To-Face Brieﬁng  Question 13 1 out of 1 points The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system periodically broadcasts the aircraft's own position, altitude, heading and speed with no pilot or controller action required. Selected Answer: Tru e  Question 14 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is an aircraft control system for airports? Selected Answer: Surface Movement Guidance and Control Systems (SMGCS)  Question 15 1 out of 1 points What action should a pilot take when operating under VFR in a Military Operations Area (MOA)? Selected Answer: Exercise extreme caution when military activity is being conducted.  Question 16 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is Class D airspace? Selected Answer: Airports that have an operational control tower  Question 17 1 out of 1 points If the President travels to Cape Cod for a vacation; which of the following is issued?

ASCI | 202 | Intro to Aernautical Science | assessment |  Question 1 1 out of 1 points

1 Exercise 1: Rectilinear Motion Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion and Newton’s Law of Momentum Equations to use (remember to keep track of units): F = ma m = W/g T-D-f = ma V F 2 = V I 2 + 2 a s V F = V I 2 + a t Takeoff distance (s) = V F 2 /2a KE = ½ mV 2 PE = Wh HP= T*V kts /325 sin(γ) = (ROC kts )/(V kts ) 1 kt = 1.69 ft/sec g = 32.2 ft/sec 2 Givens : (Questions 1 to 8) Gross Weight = 100,000 pounds Average Drag = 5,000 pounds Average Friction Force = 1,000 pounds Average Thrust = 34,000 pounds Lift Off Speed = 150 Knots True Airspeed 1. Compute the acceleration on the aircraft during the takeoff roll (ft / sec 2 ). m = W/g m = 100,000/32.2 m = 3105.6 lb-sec 2 /ft or Slugs T – D – f = 3105.6 (a) 34,000 – 5000 – 1000 = ma 28000/3105.6 = 9.01 ft / sec 2 2. What would be the length of the takeoff run (ft)? Knots to ft/sec = 150x1.69 = 253.5 ft/sec Takeoff distance (s) = VF 2 /2a S = 253.5 2 /2(9.01) S = 64262.3/18.02 S = 3566.1 ft 3. How long would it take until liftoff once the takeoff roll is started (sec)? V F = VI 2 + a t 253.5 = 0 2 + 9(t) T = 253.5/9 T = 28.11 sec 4. Given the information shown above, determine how fast this airplane should be going when it passes the 2000-foot runway marker (2000 feet from the start of the takeoff roll)? Please express your answer in knots . This document was developed for online learning in ASCI 309. File name: Ex_1_ Reclinear_Moon Updated: 05/30/2014 2 VF 2 = VI 2 + 2 a s VF 2 = 0 2 + 2(9.01)(2000) VF 2 = 36040 VF 2 = √36040 VF = 189.8 ft/ sec VF = 189.8/1.69 = 112.3 Knots 5. What is the power (HP) of the aircraft engines after takeoff at Average Thrust at 250KTAS? After takeoff, so friction is now gone. HP= T*V kts /325 HP = 34,000 x 250 / 325 HP = 26,154 HP 6. What is the Kinetic Energy (ft-lb) of the aircraft after climbing out at 250 KTAS with the new weight at 95,000 lb? m = W/g m = 95000/32.2 m = 2950.3 Kg 250 Knots = 250 x 1.69 = 422.5 ft/Sec KE = ½ mV 2 KE = ½(2950.3)(422.5 2 ) KE = 263 323 494.7 ft-lb 7. What is the Potential Energy (ft-lb) of the aircraft after climbing out to 10,000 ft above sea level with the new weight at 95,000 lb? PE = Wh PE = 95000 x 10000 PE = 950 000 000 ft-lb 8. What is the Angle of Climb (deg) for airplane at 250 KTAS with a climb rate of 4,000 ft/min? Sin γ = O/H Sin γ = 39.4/250 γ = Sin-1(39.4/250) γ = 9.06° This document was developed for online learning in ASCI 309. File name: Ex_1_ Reclinear_Moon Updated: 05/30/2014 250 KTAS 4000 fpm γ = ? Change to Knots!! 4000 fpm = 66.6 fps = 39.4 Knots O H

ASCI | 309 | Basic Aerodynamics | assessment | 1 Exercise 1: Rectilinear Moti

1) Define the four components, or pillars, of a safety management system; discuss how each compliments the others.  Safety Policy - Establishes senior management's commitment to continually improve safety; defines the methods, processes, and organizational structure needed to meet safety goals  Safety Risk Management -   Determines the need for, and adequacy of, new or revised risk controls based on the assessment of acceptable risk  Safety Assurance - Evaluates the continued effectiveness of implemented risk control strategies; supports the identification of new hazards  Safety Promotion - Includes training, communication, and other actions to create a positive safety culture within all levels of the workforce 2) Describe the differences between acute and chronic stress. Provide at least three problems/symptoms with each, provide at least two potential causes of each. Which is typically more dangerous to a pilot? Acute Stress is short-lived. It can be beneficial and create motivation. For example, when a deadline is approaching, stress may help you to focus and complete your task before the deadline. Once the situation is resolved, the stress diminishes. 3 problems -   If individuals get stuck and can't solve their   problems   or walk away. PTSD. Panic attacks. Causes - Landing during a storm and when instruments lose power during flight. Chronic, or long-term stress, comes about as the result of a situation that has not been resolved or continued for many years prior to being resolved. 3 problems - Stress can make you breathe harder, which can affect those with respiratory issues. Lead to heart problems. Continuous muscle tension. Causes – A close call when nearing rotating helicopter blades. Action in combat while deployed. 3) Describe the seven characteristics of effective crew resource management.  Communication  Workload Management  Decision-making  Conflict Resolution  Leadership  Team Management  Stress Management 4) Explain the responsibilities of the following ATC facilities; Flight service station -   is an air traffic facility that provides information and services to aircraft pilots before, during, and after   flights , but unlike air traffic control (ATC), is not responsible for giving instructions or clearances or providing separation. Ground control – ground controller are responsible for all movement areas with the exception of runways. A   Movement Area   is an area of the airport that is controlled by you, the Air Traffic Controller. A movement area consists of any taxiway, runway, or helipad. A   Non-Movement Area   is an area of the airport not owned by the controlling authority. These generally include areas such as parking locations, ramps, etc. Tower control - They manage traffic from the airport to a radius of 3 to 30 miles out. They give pilots taxiing and take off instructions, air traffic clearance, and advice based on their own observations and experience. They provide separation between landing and departing aircraft, transfer control of aircraft to the en route center controllers when the aircraft leave their airspace, and receive control of aircraft on flights coming into their airspace. Terminal Radar Approach Controller - using terminal radar sensors to assist the aircraft until it reaches the edge of the facility's airspace, usually about 20 to 50 miles from the airport and up to about 17,000 feet. Air Route Traffic Control Center - Controlling traffic usually at or above 17,000 feet, the typical center has responsibility for more than 100,000 square miles of airspace generally extending over a number of states. These controllers give aircraft instructions, air traffic clearances and advice using radar or manual procedures they keep track of the thousands of planes in the sky at any one time. Air traffic control system command center - The role of the Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC) is to   manage   this flow of air traffic within the continental United States. 5) Identify the mission of the FAA -   Our continuing   mission   is to provide the safest, most efficient aerospace system in the world. Identify six major roles and responsibilities of the FAA –  Regulating civil aviation to promote safety – Safety is always hard to maintain 100% of the time but is necessary.  Encouraging and developing civil aeronautics, including new aviation technology – Initial integration of technology but once in place makes things safer.  Developing and operating a system of air traffic control and navigation for both civil and military aircraft – Being able to put regulations in place for both types of aircraft and being able instill fair regulations for both

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