General Biology I

General Microbiolgy

Genetics

Enzymes are proteins that bind to substrate(s)- a substrate is the reactant on which the enzyme works. The binding between the enzyme and it’s substrate changes the shape of the substrate. After the substrate changes shape it is referred to as a product. 60. Enzyme- substrate complex The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds. Induced fit between an enzyme and substrate brings chemical groups of the active site position to the catalyze reaction. 61. What are the factors that influence the rate of enzymatic reactions? -Temp -pH -enzyme and substrate concentration -presence of inhibitors 62. Cofactors? Enzyme helpers; Inorganic- metals Organic- vitamins 63. What are enzyme inhibitors? Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, compete with substrate. Noncompetitive inhibitors bind to region other than active site. Change shape of active site indirectly. 64. Carbohydrate catabolism? The breakdown of carbohydrates to release energy. Carbohydrates are catabolized by; 1. Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, krebs cycle, pyruvate oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. a. Glucose is completely decomposed at end of krebs cycle. b. Aerobic- oxygen is final e- acceptor in oxidative phosphorolation. c. Anaerobic- inorganic substrate is final e- acceptor (ex. Sulfur, iron, nitrogen) 2. Fermentation; Glycolysis - then converts pyruvate acid into another compound. 65. Aerobic respiration? C6H12+6O2→ 6CO2+6H2O Divided into metabolic steps: 1. Glycolysis 2. Transition step 3. Krabs cycle 4 oxidative phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain(ETC) Chemiosmosis 66. What is glycolysis? Oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid. 67. Oxidative phosphorylation 1. NADH and FADH, dump electrons(and protons, in the form of hydrogen) the cell membrane. 2. Electrons travel across the electron transport chain. 3. Electrons are caught by an electron acceptor(oxygen or another inorganic compound) 4. Energy generated from the electron transport chain is used to push hydr ogen ions across the cell membrane, against the concentraon gradient, creang a proton move force(to outside). 5. These hydrogen ions move from this area of high concentraon back across the membrane through ATP synthase, generang enough energy from the hydrogen ﬂow to synthesizing ATP from ADP and H+. 68. glycolysis couples up with anaerobic respiraon or fermentaon to produce ATP. Anaerobic respiraon uses an electron transport chain with a ﬁnal electron acceptor other than O2 for ex. Sulfate. 69. Fermentaon uses substrate-level phosphorylaon instead of an oxidave phosphorylaon to generate ATP.

BIO | 205 | General Microbiolgy | exam | Enzymes are proteins that bind

• BIO250_Saylor_V5 • Unit 3: Tools of the Laboratory Started on Sunday, October 13, 2019, 4:42 PM State Finished Completed on Sunday, October 13, 2019, 5:12 PM Time taken 30 mins 19 secs Grade 85.50 out of 90.00 ( 95 %) Feedback You’re off to a good start. "A course grade of 70% is required to request a transcript. Y exam already, but if you want to reattempt for a higher grade you can retake this asses assessment in this course can be retaken). Study hard for each exam, and consider usin stuck. Remember that 10 hours of tutoring are provided to you through your Straighter Question 1 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question Question text A fat is called if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to 2 other carbons and 2 hydrogens. Select one: a. unsaturated b. polyunsaturated c. monounsaturated d. saturated Question 2 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question Question 3 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question result from sharing electrons. result from transferring electrons. Ionic bonds Select one: Feedback The correct answer is: saturated Question text The term that refers to the purposeful addition of microorganisms into a laboratory nutrient medium is . Select one: a. isolation b. inoculation c. immunization d. infection e. contamination Feedback The correct answer is: inoculation Question text Question 4 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question Question 5 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question result from like charge attraction. are the weakest chemical bonds. always involve carbon. Feedback The correct answer is: result from transferring electrons. Question text What do the Gram stain, the acid-fast stain, and the endospore stain have in common? Select one: a. They are used on a wet mount of the specimen. b. They use heat to force the dye into cell structures. c. The staining outcome varies with the charge of the cell wall. d. They use a negative stain technique. e. They are diﬀerential stains. Feedback The correct answer is: They are diﬀerential stains. Question text A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically deﬁned is termed . Question 6 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question Question 7 Correct 4.50 points out of 4.50 Flag question a. complex reducing enriched synthetic Select one: Feedback The correct answer is: complex Question text Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of . Select one: a. biotechnology b. bioremediation c. decomposition d. immunology e. epidemiology Feedback The correct answer is: bioremediation

BIO | 250 | Genetics | exam | • BIO250_Saylor_V5 • Unit 3: T

MICRO_BIO250_QUIZ_2.docx.docx-BIO250LAB_ESL • Introduction to Culturing and

1 Bio 205 Quiz: Chapter 14 The Viruses and Virus-Like Agents Name: Eric, Ruiz Castro 1. Define the following terms: Capsid; The protein coat that encloses the genome of a virus. cell/tissue tropism; Refers to the specific cells or tissues that a virus infects. latent infection; A viral infection where the viral DNA remains “dormant” within the host chromosome. Provirus; The viral DNA that has integrated into eukaryotic host chromosome and is then passed on from one generation to the next through cell division. 2. What are the two basic components of a virus? (#7) • Indispensable nucleic acid • Surrounding coat of protein 3. What is the function of capsid protein spikes? (#9) Helps attach the virus to the host cell and facilitating entry into the cell. 4. What type of cells does the HIV virus infect? (#13) • White blood cells called T Lymphocytes & Macrophages 1 5. Why are RNA viruses more error (mutation) prone? (#16) • RNA Polymerase lacks the efficient proofreading exhibited by DNA polymerase to correct replication error. 6. What type of cells do bacteriophages infect? (#18) • Bacterial cells 7. The lytic cycle of infection represents a productive infection. (#21) 8. Animal Virus Replication: What happens to the virus genome from uncoating? (#23) • Genome is transported to the site where transcription or replication will occur 9. Name two viruses that establish a latent infection. (#25) • Herpesviruses (HSV-1) & HIV (Retroviruses) 10. Use Figure 14.15 and describe how reverse transcriptase establishes the virus as a provirus. (#26) • A virus penetrates the cell host cell after uncoating, reverse transcription of the viral genome catalyzes the synthesis of double-stranded DNA. The new DNA is transported into host cell nucleus and intergraded as a provirus into a chromesome. 10. What triggers a host cell to synthesize and release interferon? (#36) • Infection of cells with viruses triggers yet another nonspecific innate immune response. 1

BIO | 205 | General Microbiolgy | assessment | 1 Bio 205 Quiz: Chapter 14 The

1 Bio 205: Exam 2 – Due Thursday, March 24 , start of class . The answers to these quesons are in your class notes and on PowerPoint . I will also be available to help with the answers . You do not need to write complete sentences. It is best to write the answers out by hand, however, I will accept typed responses. NO LATE WORK ACCEPTED . Chapter 6: Microbial Nutrion and Growth 1. What is binary ﬁssion ? List the steps in binary ﬁssion. (Slide 84) The division of a single enty into two or more parts and the regeneraon of those parts to separate enes resembling the original. Steps; 1. DNA replicaon 2. Cell elongaon 3. Septum formaon 4. Septum compleon leads to separaon or further division 5. Process repeats. 2. Draw a hypothecal graph of a closed bacterial populaon over me . List and describe the phases in the curve. In other words, what is happening to the populaon at each phase? (Slides 87-88) Lag phase- acquires cell mass, no reproducon. log phase- cell division staonary phase- cells stop growing, cells dividing and dying at same rate death phase- cells dying due to lack of nutrients and increased waste products. 3. List and describe the methods/devices used to measure microbial growth in lab. (Slides 92-99) Microscopic count; count microorganisms directly through a microscope. Electronic counters. Flow cytometry. Direct methods requiring incubaon; serial diluon and viable plate count. Membrane ﬁltraon. Most probable number. Indirect methods; turbidity. Metabolic acvity. Dry weight. Genec methods. 1 Countering Anmicrobial Drug Resistance 1. What are the eﬀects of drug combinaons in ﬁghng resistance (Slide 51) Synergism- occurs when the eﬀect of two drugs together is greater than the eﬀect of either alone (Penicillin + streptomycin). Antagonism- occurs when the eﬀect of two drugs together is less than the eﬀect of either alone (Penicillin + tetracycline) 2. List ﬁve (5) methods used to slow the rate of anbioc resistance by bacteria (Slide 54) 1. Limit use of anmicrobials- only prescribe to necessary cases, complete the prescribed regimen, toss outdated anbiocs; do not use others drugs. 2. High concentraon of drugs- maintain in paent for long enough me to kill all sensive cells and inhibit others long enough for immune system to destroy. 1 3. Use anmicrobial agents in combinaon- synergism vs. antagonism. 4. Develop new variaons of drugs. 5. Ban anbiocs in animal feed. 3. List the common misconcepon about anbiocs. (Slide 55) 1. Bacteria is responsible for infecons that become resistant, not people who become resistant to anbiocs. 2. Bacterial mutaons that may result in anbioc resistance, not anbiocs cause mutaons to make the bacteria resistant. 3. Resistant bacteria sll grow at the same rate as sensive bacteria, not bacteria that are resistant to anbiocs are stronger and grow faster than sensive bacteria.

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